Poland is a rich country with an even richer history. The beginnings of the country can be traced back to Late Antiquity, when different tribes occupied present-day Poland.
The foremost artifact that illustrates Polish prehistory is the Biskupin settlement, which dates back to 700 BC, the early Iron Age when Lusatian culture flourished. During that time, Poles worshipped Svetovid, the Slavic god of fertility, abundance, and war. In 960 AD, the Polish adopted the religion of Christianity.
During the 10th century, Poland was under the Piast Dynasty. Mieszko I, the first documented King of Poland, adopted Christianity in 966, and made it the country’s official religion. The population was then converted throughout the years.
By the 12th century, Boleslaw divided Poland to distribute to his sons. It was in the 1320 when Wladyslaw I became successful in reuniting Poland, to which he made himself King. Casimir III, Wladyslaw I’s son and last ruler of the Piast dynasty, paved the way for the establishment of the country’s first university.
After the Piast came the Jagiellon Dynasty, which lasted from 1386-1572, roughly from the Middle ages to the early modern era of Poland. The dynasty formed the Polish-Lithuanian Union, which lived in harmony for 400 years.
Poland implemented feudalistic rule, but in 1505, the power of the monarchy was given to the seim. This event is known as the “Golden Liberty.” Protestants increased in the country, and this led to the policy of religious tolerance, in an effort to stay away from religious turmoil. During the renaissance, the culture and economy of the country flourished. Major Polish figures who emerged from the renaissance are astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and poet Jan Kochanowski.
From 1569-1795, Poland was under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth rule. This comprised of elected monarchs and a parliament. During this era Poland prospered, and occupied about one million square kilometers of European land. The rule, however, saw opposition from Swedes, Russians, Ottomans, and Cossacks. Epidemics and famines shaved the population to 7 million.
During the commonwealth rule, Danzig or Gdansk, which served as the business center, was replaced by Warsaw, present Polish capital. By May 1792, the Polish-Russian war started, which ended the commonwealth.
From 1795 to 1918, Poland entered the “age of partitions.” By 1807, Napoleon I dominated Poland. In 1815, the country was divided in the Congress of Vienna. Revolts against ruling Russia, the Uprisings of November 1830 and January 1863, took place.
The years 1918-1939 saw the Reconstitution of Poland. By 1918, the country was liberated from Germany. The three divided territories were merged. By the 1930’s, Poland became an authoritarian country.
Poland was occupied by Nazis on September 1939. Citizens took part in the Allied war effort, and triumphed in the Battle of Monte Cassino.
After World War II, the Soviet government made Poland a communist country. But in 1952, Poland was named as the People’s Republic of Poland. Although Martial law was enforced in 1981, by 1989, Poland had its first democratic parliamentary election. This paved the way for human rights laws, political rights, and the freedom of Speech that Poles enjoy today.